The World of Fiction - 666 Words

The World of Fiction The fiction is a literary genre which through shaping the character, narrating story, and describing the environment to reflect life, to express ideas. It uses the narrators language to expand the themes and express thoughts and feelings. It is the reflection of art and performance of the social life. Fiction can reflect specific social phenomenon by creating a significant character. Hawthorne shows us all kinds of social phenomena in the society and a variety of characters, especially in his own work Rappaccini’s Daughter to develop a lifelike image of women. He explored through the interpretation of their respective fates, women with a variety of personality types living in a variety of†¦show more content†¦Throughout this short story, conflict between morality and betrayal is always exists. The comparison between two characters formal life and the secret meetings reflects that they struggled with themselves. That is, until Gurov finds true love, along with Ann a. Love changes who they are, their motivations, and then they begin to realize things. Fiction can use the relationship between characters to show that how things have been changed. Joyces short story Eveline was the advent between adolescence and maturity. It preceded the womens suffrage in Ireland by four years, the storys protagonist and title character, Eveline, is largely affected by the feminist issues of the time period. These feminist ideas are illustrated through Evelines relationships with her family and boyfriend, as well the societal expectations, and her duties and obligations. Looking at James Joyces Eveline from a feminist viewpoint, the oppression of women during the twentieth century Dublin setting is illustrated in the text through Evelines relationship with her family, her lover, society, and the obligations she has as a young single woman. Compared to other literary genre, the fictions larger capacity can show detailed personality and fate of the characters, can be expressed in a complex conflict, and also can describe the characters social living environment. The advantage of the fiction can provide a whole, broad background of social life. The three elements,Show MoreRelatedThe Gritty World Of Crime Fiction1520 Words   |  7 PagesIn the gritty world of crime fiction, a detective must be prepared to face any number of gruesome and impossible challenges that come with living in the traditional urban landscape. One of the most difficult challenges is the detective’s never ending fight to keep control in a chaotic society, and a serious threat to that authority is the ever dangerous temptation of the women in his life. Crime fiction uses a division of female sexuality to take power from the women of the novel and give it to theRead MoreFiction Or Reality : All Too Familiar World Of The Speculative Fiction Novel s Of Margret Atwood1319 Words   |  6 PagesFiction or Reality Hailey Patton Block 2 Mrs. Schiller April 10, 2015 In an all too familiar world of the speculative fiction novels of Margret Atwood best known for The Handmaids Tale and Oryx and Crake ,Which lead to the discovery that these tales of a dystopian world and one of love and adventure seem to hit a little too close to home and bring out emotions that may have been dormant. There is no doubt that she is a brilliant writer, but the question that runs through my mind is, which one isRead MoreThe Start of the New World: A Narrative Fiction Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfast flight of minnow. Swallowed by whales, slugs and sea stars, it kept hidden. Until now. Wed turned a corner and Id missed it. 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This is pretty obvious because in today’s world we rarely see the events that happened in suchRead MoreThe New World Acts As A Historical Fiction Account Of The Start Of Jamestown1334 Words   |  6 PagesTerrence Malick’s film The New World acts as a historical fiction account of t he start of Jamestown. Although this is based on real events, Malick took some liberties, including his use of nature in relation to culture. While both cultures adapt to the nature around them, the Native Americans in Malick’s film work with nature while the Anglo-Americans try to control it. In â€Å"Nature and the Will to Power in Malick’s New World,† author Iain Macdonald seems to believe that cultural differences onlyRead MoreReading Fiction Is A Common Pastime That Is Enjoyed By People All Over The World1132 Words   |  5 PagesMarch 2017 Fantastic Fiction Reading fiction is a very common pastime that is enjoyed by people all over the world. However, it is unbeknownst to many of these avid readers that reading impacts them in many important ways, aside from simply providing an escape from the real world every now and then. The experience of fictional narratives may provide people with a distraction from daily life and possibly initiate intellectual inspiration (Bal et.al. N.P.). Reading fiction can impact one’s dailyRead MoreElements of the Authors World Present in Utopian Fiction Essay1796 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscovers that they have a very different culture from his. By using the failings of Erewhonian society, the author draws the readers attention to flaws of his own society. This device is used in other works studied this semester, by creating a world that is not completely different from the authors own in an effort to make society realize its faults. Thomas Mores Utopia is similar to Erewhon because it makes comm entary on certain social issues of his time, disguised as a story about a differentRead MoreNon-Fiction Essay How Soccer Explains the World an Unlikely Theory of Globalization3688 Words   |  15 PagesGlobalization, â€Å"The Sport† Soccer, the most popular sport in the world that has brought cities and nations together can be used as a metaphor to show how the world has grown together over time. Soccer, more commonly known as â€Å"The Beautiful Game† or â€Å"The World Game.† When the world stops for 90 minutes to witness that one thing we all understand, this is soccer. Soccer was first Recorded during the second and third centuries B.C. in China, where people would kick balls into small nets. The footballRead MoreExplore the Role of Religion in Dystopian Fiction with Regards to the Children of Men and Brave New World.2044 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Religion plays a key role in dystopian fiction.† With reference to The Children of Men and Brave New World, how far do you agree with this statement? Sixty years separate the publication of the dystopias The Children of Men and Brave New World, but both authors express their depictions of a future world in which religion is drastically changed, and not for the better. Religion and spirituality serve a number of purposes in the two novels, most notably to illustrate the difference between ourRead MoreDarko Suvins Metamorphoses of Science Fiction Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesGenre of Science Fiction In Darko Suvin’s â€Å"Metamorphoses of Science Fiction,† Suvin argues that science fiction should be considered its own literary genre. The reason he believes science fiction is distinct from other literary genres is because of its transforming aspects. Suvin describes science fiction as the literature of â€Å"cognitive estrangement,† which includes a â€Å"novum†. It is his belief that both cognition and estrangement must be both present and interactive in science fiction. Although it

Cultural Diversity in Modern Times Free Essays

The political culture, so to speak, has been modified by the structure of the presidential race at present. With Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton running for office, their presence in the race for presidency influences the society’s view on race and gender. If Obama or Clinton wins, they would represent the first black or female president, respectively, in the history of the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Diversity in Modern Times or any similar topic only for you Order Now The media has been successful in reiterating the issue of race and gender, as societal concerns have been magnified in newspaper articles and news reports published all over the country. We all know the long struggles that the black and the female populations have been experiencing since time in memorial. It all started with slavery on the part of the African American community, and the inequalities regarding the status of the female population. Ever since, these two primary groups of society have been fighting back, claiming an equal place in society, lobbying for societal considerations regarding the acknowledgement of human rights and equality in all aspects. Looking back, culture has been the root of all these inequalities and injustices brought upon â€Å"minority† groups such as the black and female population, and even homosexuals, indigenous tribes, etc. Ethnocentrism and patriarchy are the prevailing beliefs that ushers inequality and injustice. The growing changes in society are changing the trend in society’s view of race and gender. With education, members of the black population now hold important roles in society such as in politics and business, and so as women. Women have taken part in the corporate world, and have contributed a great deal in all fields of societal concerns with them being members of the senate or cause-oriented organizations. Although, racism and gender inequality is still present in society, the prevalence of multiculturalism and the acknowledgement of females is slowly changing society’s take on these issues. Obama and Clinton are strengthening the views on race and gender issues, simply because they are able to reach the point of holding an important place where people depend their future on. The people, especially democrats, look to the two party candidates, and weigh their importance in battling the Republican-Democratic race to the presidential seat. Suddenly, their views become important. Suddenly, their concerns are being heard. Suddenly, all the issues about being black or female are interest over society. There are two sides of the story, however. As race and gender consciousness elevates with the presence of Obama and Clinton in the media, people who hold traditional views are also voicing out their opinions about the issue. Perhaps, the world will not run out of people who believe in ethnocentrism and patriarchy, and the world will not run out of people who believe in race and gender equality. Since the side of ethnocentrism and patriarchy has been ringing all over the world for centuries, it has become too old for people to pay attention to their side. Although Obama and Clinton are competing for the Democratic primary, still, they remain to be icons of justice and equality. Looking at them battle it out for the one of the most important positions in the world is empowering people, especially those who belong to the minority groups. Black people believe in themselves by looking at Obama. Obama has become an image of change and inspiration for them to step up and have a say about the issues in society. Other people see failure if Obama wins the Democrat primary, saying America is not yet ready for a black president. At the same time, the black community wields all the support and inspiration they can get in order to show the world the change it is waiting for. The female population is on the same side, looking at Hillary Clinton vie for the presidential elections. Looking at how Hillary Clinton have become even with her success as first lady, and eventually a senator. On the extreme side of things, the presence of Obama and Clinton eliminates all issues behind race and gender. Their involvement with politics, especially with the presidential race, is not a matter of whether they are black or white, male or female. It is a matter of what they can do if they become the president of the United States. Through this, the person in Obama and Clinton, or McCain for that matter becomes more important than culture, gender, or any other superficial issues that society used to look upon. This is what society has realized. Works Cited Mukhopadhyay, Samhita. â€Å"The Black, the Female, and the Invisible.† Passing Through. 07 Mar. 2008. . Retrieved from The Nation. 06 May 2008 http://www.thenation.com/blogs/passingthrough/295586. Warner, Judith. â€Å"For Clinton and Obama, the Burden of Identity.† Domestic Disturbances. 17 Jan. 2008. Retrieved from The New York Times Company. 06 May 2008 http://warner.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/17/for-clinton-and-obama-the-burden-of-identity/. How to cite Cultural Diversity in Modern Times, Essay examples

The Great Gatsby Essay Example For Students

The Great Gatsby Essay The Great Gatsby, a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald has persuasively used many convincing methods to prove his essential points of view. Fitzgerald has used his narrator of the story, Nick Carroway to persuade his readers of the story line. Nick Carroway, comes from a well-to-do mid-western family. After moving to New York to enter in the bond business, Nick soon becomes involved with the affairs between Gatsby and the Buchannans. Nick Carroway although seemingly responsible, honest and fair, he shares some of the less desirable traits of his acquaintances. By displaying these sorts of traits, Nick has gained the trust from everyone as someone who does not judge others. As we turn our focus to page one, Nick states that he does not judge people, yet he has contradicted himself by saying this because he ends up judging everyone throughout the story. Nick is reserved on making instant judgements about other characters in Fitzgerald s, The Great Gatsby. As readers, we tend to take the narrators point of view by trusting his comments and taking notice in the changes of his voice tones. Fitzgerald has used this method to the best of his ability by persuading that the readers that Nick, the first person seems to know what he is talking about because he was there. Nick displays his confidence in regards to being there first up on page one. This was achieved by the changes in his irresistible voice tones, as they continue to change as the story produces its themes. Dreams and goals can never be fulfilled if they are never dreamt, and sometimes even those that are imagined and played for, can be lost along the way. In the Great Gatsby Fitzgerald uses symbolism to clarify Gatsby detachment with the American dream. Gatsby is convinced that his path and mission is to once again win over Daisy s love for him, with the idea of money and as he continues to believe this, his dreams only continue to crumble and fall apart. In chapter two Gatsby s love for Daisy is clearly evident and to persuade the readers of his love he demonstrates the characteristics of the American dream. Obsessed with materialism, most Americans believe they can by the emotions of love and happiness. A classic example of this is displayed in The Great Gatsby by the ways in which the Buchannans express themselves. Their status symbol is very highly regarded by east Eggers and the objects of their wealth are shown by the house that they live in, the cars they drive and the jewellery that they selfishly display. Symbolism has been a persuasive method used by Fitzgerald through the eyes of Nick Carroway, the first person narrator. Nick has said to reserve his judgements about other characters, but this view vanished as the story went further into depth. Money has played an important part in this book. It has been the deciding factor in most events and has controlled many of the decisions in regards to the main characters. Gatsby s views of the American Dream, eventually led him to his own self destruction. In order to seek Daisy s love, Gatsby tries with the stakes of money. His dream of love with Daisy, led Gatsby s dream to be one of corruption. Although Nick has lead everyone to believe that he is an honest person, he reserves no judgment when describing Gatsby s dream, and the way he has gone about it. The method of writing and the way the American Dream is central in many novels has proven that this dream is very different for different people. Nick s constant expression of other characters has been rich in detail. His lasting perception has given readers the opportunity to take his point of view which as a direct result has led us to believe that his opinions are right and are ones that can not be questioned. Nick s points of view have been taken onboard and adopted to the extent of he knows best .

The ability of the brain to re

Introduction The ability of the brain to change following an individual’s experience is referred to as neuroplasticity (Alamacos, Segura, Borrel, 1998). This characteristic of the brain was discovered more recently and discredits the earlier belief that the brain could never change after a person has gone through the critical period of infancy. The brain is chiefly made up of nerve cells and glial cells which are usually linked.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The ability of the brain to re-task a different area following brain damage to one area specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Learning can be achieved through the alteration of the strength of these connections. In the last century, the common belief was that the lower brain and the neocortical areas could not be altered in structure after structure after childhood (Winship murphy, 2009). This belief has been challenged by the new revelations t hat indicate that all parts of the brain are plastic and can be altered even in older individuals. This paper seeks to identify the ability of the brain to re-task a different area to perform a function that has been affected by brain damage (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). Earlier studies Previous studies done by Wiesel and Hubel showed that ocular dominance columns that are located in the lowest neocortical visual area were largely not changeable after one has passed the critical period in development (Black, Cianci, Markokowitz, 2001). These critical periods were also examined in respect to language development; the findings suggested that all the sensory pathways were permanent subsequent to the critical period (Kaeser, et al., 2010). However, the earlier brain studies had also shown that changes in the environment could result in change in behavior and cognition. This change was linked to the alteration in neuronal connections and neurogenesis in specific parts of the brain su ch as the hippocampus (Boudrias, Mcpherson, Frost, Cheney, 2010). Decades of enduring research on the functions and structure of the brain indicate that alterations take place in the lowest neocortical processing areas and that the alterations could result in marked changes in the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience (Kaeser, et al., 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The resulting neuroplasticity theory asserts that experience can result in the modification of the brain’s physical structure and the functional organization (Alamacos, Segura, Borrel, 1998). Neurobiology and cortical maps The idea of synaptic pruning forms one of the important aspects of neuroplasticity. Synaptic pruning explains that specific links in the brain are subjected to constant removal or recreation depending on how they are being used (Draganski, 2006). The concept o f synaptic pruning is best captured in the aphorism â€Å"which states that neurons that fire together, wire together/neurons that fire apart, wire apart† (Boudrias, Mcpherson, Frost, Cheney, 2010, p. 8). This indicates that two neighboring neurons that concurrently produce an impulse can form one cortical map. Cortical maps are used to explain cortical organization of, in most cases, the sensory system (Giovanna, Paolo, Luca, Thomas, 2008). For instance, sensory impulses from the two arms are projected to different cortical sites in the brain. Thus the cortical organization defined by the response to sensory inputs represents the human body in form of a map. Researchers Merzenich, Doug Rasmusson and Jon Kaas conducted studies on the cortical maps by removing sensory inputs (Cutler Hoffman, 2005). Their findings which have been supported by various other studies show that the removal of an input in the cortical map results in the rewiring of the impulse through adjacent in puts. Treatment of brain damage as an application of neuroplasticity Through neuroplasticity studies it has been found out that a brain activity that results into a certain function can be relocated to a different part of the brain. This may take place in the course of normal experience or may occur in the course recovery following brain damage (Draganski, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The ability of the brain to re-task a different area following brain damage to one area specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Neuroplasticity forms the basis on which the scientific explanation for the treatment of acquired brain injury is founded. The restoration of the lost functions through therapeutic programs in form of rehabilitation is achieved due to the plastic nature of the brain (Frost, Bury, Friel, Plautz, Nudo, 2002). Cortical tissue damage, as might occur following stroke, is usually known to affect the initiation and execution of muscular contraction in the extremities opposite the side of the injury (Winship murphy, 2009). In addition the precise manipulative power and the ability to skillfully utilize the upper extremity are usually weakened. Depending on the extent of the injury, some functions usually return in weeks or months, although full recovery is uncommon in human beings. There is increasing evidence which indicates that the return of function observed following â€Å"cortical injury is largely attributed to the adaptive plasticity in the remaining cortical and sub-cortical motor apparatus† (Black, Cianci, Markokowitz, 2001). For instance, the studies pneurophysiologic and neuroanatomic on animals and the neuroimaging and other non invasive stimulation research studies conducted on humans provide evidence to show that adaptive changes take place in the undamaged tissues that surround a cortical infarct (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). Contrary to the previous beliefs, the adult brain is not â€Å"hard wired† with fixed immutable neuronal circuits (Draganski, 2006). There are several instances through which the cortex and sub cortex can be rewired as a consequence of training or following an injury to the brain. This is supported by evidence that new brain cells can develop even in the adult mammal even at old age. The research findings so far have shown that this mainly occurs in the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb, however, there is increasing evidence that indicates that other regions of the brain may undergo neurogenesis (Frost, Bury, Friel, Plautz, Nudo, 2002). In most parts of the brain, dead neurons are not recreated but the specific functions are seen to be restored. However, evidence on the active, â€Å"experience-dependent re-organization of the synaptic networks of the brain involving multiple inter-related structures including the cerebral cortex is lacking† (Kaeser, et al., 2010, p. 13). The specific pathwa y through which the process takes place at the molecular level is subject to intense research.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some theories have been advanced to explain how experience results in the synaptic organization of the brain, one of the theories include the general theory of the mind and epistemology referred to as Neural Darwinism which was developed by Gerald Edelman (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). Neuroplasticity also occupies a central point in the memory and learning theories that are characterized by changes in the structure and function of the synapses through experience (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). Sensory substitution and neuroplasticity is best remembered through the works of Paul Bach-y-Rita (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). He came up with a brain port while working with a patient whose vestibular system had been injured. The â€Å"brain port machine would replace the patient’s vestibular apparatus by sending signals to her brain via the tongue† (Winship murphy, 2009, p. 15). The patient used the machine for a certain period of time and regained the normal function. Her experience is best explained through plasticity because her vestibular system was disorganized following prolonged gentamicin medication and thus was sending uncoordinated signals to the brain. Using the machine developed by Paul bay her vestibular system was able determine new neural pathways that were instrumental in reinstating the lost function. Paul Bach-y-Rita used the following analogy to explain the plasticity concept; â€Å"if one is driving from one place to another and the main bridge that connects the two places goes out, he will be paralyzed before deciding to take the old farmland roads that are definitely shorter† (Winship murphy, 2009). By using these roads more, one will start getting wherever he wanted to go faster. Thus the new established neural pathways become stronger with more use. The unmasking process of the new neural pathways is generally understood to one of the main principal ways through which the plastic brain reorganizes itself (Boudrias, Mcpherson, Frost, Cheney, 2010). Another group referred to as the Randy Nudo learned that if an infarction leads to the cutting of blood supply to a certain part of the motor cortex of a monkey, the part of the body that is stimulated by the affected brain portion will respond when adjacent areas are stimulated (Kaeser, et al., 2010). In one of their studies, the intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) mapping techniques were applied on nine normal monkeys (Draganski, 2006). Some of the monkeys were subjected to ischemic infarction protocols. The monkeys that underwent ischemic infarction retained more finger flexion during food retrieval and after several months this deficit returned to the levels they were before the operation (Kaeser, et al., 2010). In regard to the mapping conducted to represent the distal forelimb, it was shown that cortical representations of movements had undergone reorganization in the entire surrounding cortex that had not been damaged. Better understanding on how the normal and damaged cortical tissues interact has formed the basis for current therapeutical approach in the treatment of stroke patients (Frost, Bury, Friel, Plautz, Nudo, 2002). The Nudo group is currently taking part in studying the treatment approaches that may result in better management of stroke. Such approaches include â€Å"physiotherapy, pharmacotherapy and electrical stimulation therapy† (Cutler Hoffman, 2005, p. 4). A professor at the Vanderbilt University known as Jon Kaas has been able to reveal â€Å"how somatosensory area 3b and the ventroposterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus are affected by long standing unilateral dorsal column lesions at cervical levels in macaque monkeys† (Kaeser, et al., 2010, p. 10). This shows that the brains of an adult mammal can reorganize following brain damage or injury but the reorganization will be injury dependent. His more recent studies have been focused on somatosensory structure. Normally when injury is inflicted on the somatosensory cortex, one experiences a dysfunction in the perception of some part of the body. Jon Kaas is currently trying to understand how these systems (somatosensory, cognitive, motor systems) are plastic as a result of injury (Frost, Bury, Friel, Plautz, Nudo, 2002). More recently, neuroplasticity was applied in the treatment of traumatic brain injuries. The treatment was done by a team of doctors and researchers at Emory University, particularly Dr. Donald Stein and Dr. David Wright (Cutler Hoffman, 2005). This particular treatment was first of its kind to be applied in that it is affordable and does not show any side effects. Dr. Stein had had earlier observed that female mice recovered better from brain injuries as compared to their male counterparts. In addition he realized that the female mice had a better recovery record in some stages of the estrus cycle. After intense research studies, the team attributed this phenomenon to the levels of progesteron e (Cutler Hoffman, 2005). The higher the progesterone levels the better the recovery witnessed in the mice. Thus they developed a therapeutic approach that included enhanced levels of progesterone administration to patients with brain injuries. It was shown that if progesterone administration was done following brain injury that result in â€Å"stroke there were fewer instances of edema, inflammation, and neuronal cell death, and enhanced spatial reference memory and sensory motor recovery† (Kaeser, et al., 2010, p. 7). Administration of progesterone on a group of severely brain injured patients showed a reduction in mortality rates by up to 60%. Conclusion This paper sought to use existing literature in academic sources to explain how a lost function due to brain injury or damage can be re-tasked to another part of the brain. The area concerned with this study is referred to as neuroplasticity which can be simply defined as the ability of the brain to change following an in dividual’s experience (Boudrias, Mcpherson, Frost, Cheney, 2010). Neuroplasticity has led to a major shift in the way the understanding of the human brain. Major studies have been carried out by researchers and doctors to understand how the brain is able to re-task different area following damage to one area. Though there is no conclusive evidence to show how this occurs at the molecular level, there has been a marked improvement in the understanding and therapeutical application. References Alamacos, M. C., Segura, G., Borrel, J. (1998). Transfer function to a specific area of the cortex after induced recovery from brain damage. Eur J Neurosci, 5:853-863. Black, P., Cianci, S., Markokowitz, R. S. (2001). Question of transecallosal facilitation of motor recovery: Stroke implications. Trans Am Neurol , 95:207-210. Boudrias, M., Mcpherson, R. L., Frost, S. B., Cheney, P. (2010). Output Properties and organization of the forelimb Representation of Motor Areas on the Lateral Aspect of the Hemisphere in Rhesus Macaques. Cereb Cortex , 20(1):169- 186. Cutler, S., Hoffman, S. (2005). Tapered progesterone withdrawal enhances behavioral and moleculae recovery after traumatic brain injury. Experimental  neurology , 195(2):423-429. Draganski, B. (2006). Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of the brain structure changes during extensive learning. The journal of Neuroscience , 26(23):6314-6417. Frost, S. B., Bury, S., Friel, M., Plautz, J., Nudo, R. J. (2002). Reorganization of Remote Cortical Regions After Ischemic brain Injury: A potential Substrate for Stroke Recovery. J Neurophysiol , 89:32053214. Giovanna, P., Paolo, P., Luca, B., Thomas, R. (2008). Genesis of Neuronal and Glial progenitors in the cerebellar cortex of peripuberal and adult rabbits.  journal pone , 12(4):345-7. Kaeser, M., Alexander, F., Wyss, F., Bashir, S., Hamadjida, A., Liu, Y., et al. (2010). Effects of Unilateral Motor Cortex Lesion on Ipsilesional Hand’s Reach and Grasp Perfom ance in Monkeys: Relationship With Recovery in the Contralesional Hand. J Neurophysiol , 103(3): 1630-1645. Lazar, S., Kerr, C., Wasserman, R. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. neuroreport , 12(17)1893-97. Winship, I. R., murphy, T. H. (2009). Remapping the somatosensory cortex after Stroke: Insight from Imaging the Synapse to Network. Neuroscientist, 15(5):507-524. This research paper on The ability of the brain to re-task a different area following brain damage to one area was written and submitted by user Ibrahim P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Rainmaker Essays (500 words) - The Rainmaker, John Grisham

The Rainmaker Essays (500 words) - The Rainmaker, John Grisham The Rainmaker The Rainmaker Enticing readers and basically giving people something good to read, John Grisham is an established star in literature. What makes his books so great is that they are so realistic. He applies his personal law and trial knowledge into the books he writes. Put together with creative story telling, his makes his novels hard to put down. The Rainmaker starts with the last semester of law school for Rudy Baylor. He was assigned to give free advice to a group of seniors. It is at that very time, and that very place, that Rudy encounters his first and most important clients, Dot and Buddy Black. A powerful insurance company with millions of dollars has apparently swindled them. They have caused the suffering and inevitable death of a young man, Dot and Buddys son. The coverage that was obliged was not issued, and Donny Ray, stricken by Leukemia, therefore lost his chance to live. This case plays out for a matter of months, while the broke Rudy Baylor rents a room from one of his clients, a Mrs. Birdy Birdsong. He is also forced to work for a felonious lawyer when the firm he was going to be initiated into merges with a larger one. Eventually, he goes to head with one of Americas most experienced and accomplished defense attorneys. From the beginning of the novel to the last word, Rudy is plagued with a series of mishaps and problems. When something looks bright the clouds come rolling in. However, as the big trial begins, he is assigned to a judge that is definitely on his side and twelve jury members who believe in the same morals as Rudy. After researching Great Benefit, the insurance company, Rudy discovers cover-ups in the company. He also discovers Great Benefits harsh way of making their numerous mistakes disappear. He enters all the facts he has discovered and uses them to help solidify his position in the minds of the jurors. Meanwhile, Rudy discovers a beaten girl at the hospital during some studying. Her husband has repeatedly beaten her with a bat. Rudy know that these beatings will continue, but the eighteen-year-old girl is afraid. John Grisham does not maintain a single story, but instead creates numerous events so that the reader does not get bored with the main story. By the last few chapters, the reader cannot put the book down, and is forced to read the exciting conclusion, which I will not spoil. I have read many books by John Grisham, because I enjoy his writing style immensely. He writes conspiracies, which some authors make unbelievable, and action that is realistic. The reader believes what he is reading can actually happen, so this contributes to the illusion of reality. In The Rainmaker, Grisham has woven his talent into the storyline and created a powerful, and at times humorous tale of one young lawyers quest for fame, fortune, and most importantly, happiness. Bibliography the rainmaker notes and book

Application of Sensory for the Maintenance of Health for the Elderly

Disorders of smell and taste are often diagnostic dilemmas that most times present themselves in elderly people(Croy, Nordin, & Hummel, 2014). The lack of knowledge and insight of these impairment conditions are common and can result in life threatening situations especially among the aged. In addition, poor appetite   is a challenge faced by elderly people living both at home or in nursing care homes. Poor appetite can result in nutritional deficiencies and weight loss and is linked to poor health outcomes and mortality. By gaining an understanding on what causes reduced appetite and its link to sensory impairment, clinical staff and nurses can quickly identify elderly patients that have an impaired appetite. Several strategies can be utilized in promoting appetite and increasing intake of food (Pilgrim, Robinson, &Save, 2015). When the human tongue receives taste signals, a number of neural pathways are activated. However, these pathways don't require for food to be in the mouth for them to be activated; the sound of rattling dishes, or an image of food can cause the stomach to rumble. The sense of vision provides a critical sense with regard to food perception, driving preferences and raising expectations. Humans discriminate unconsciously, between foods that are low and high in calories, by just looking at the said food. Looking at images of food that are low or high calorie provokes different responses with varying intensities in the brain(Toepel, Ohla, & Hudry, 2014). The study by Toepel et al.,( 2104) tested subjects where they were shown images of high calorie foods such as pastry, pizza, salmon, and lamb chops which were alternated with images of low calorie foods such as pasta/tomato sauce, yoghurt, watermelon, and beans. For every image observed, a weak electric current was attached to the tongues of the participants which stimulated the state function of the brain without any real taste being mimicked. This produced a metallic taste and sensation hence, the a food cue was initiated by the   images and neutralized by the metallic stimulation. The results from the EEG measurements showed that looking at high calorie images stimulated pleasant and strong sensations as opposed to the low calorie food images. The high calorie images evoked neural activity which was stronger in some parts of the brain such as frontal operculum and the bilateral insula in comparison to images of lower calories. Any taste pleasantness changes activated the medial orbitofrontal cortex. Shape also affects taste as was studied by Gal in a research that analyzed consumer behaviour against marketing. In the study, the participants first sorted geometric figures after which they were shown a piece of cheese that had pointed corners rather than the usual round ones. The subjects described the taste of the cheese as being sharper (Bakalar, 2014). However, understanding the brain's mechanism that connects between gustatory and visual senses is still a relatively new In addition to visual and shape, odour too plays a significant role. Volatile molecules are released when a person chews food which then travel to the receptors at the back of the mouth that lines the nasal passages. The receptors are what enable a person to identify the different sensations' combinations which result in flavour- knowing what one is consuming. When a person eats sour or sweet strawberry, the mouth is able to detect this even while the nose is held tight (Stevenson, 2012). Hearing too plays a part in what people eat. If for example one hears the crunch of potato crisps, one imagines the crisps to be fresher. Taste can also be affected by sound as was demonstrate by a study where participants were asked to bite into crisps and rate their freshness and crispiness. The researcher played a crunching sound once the subject took a bite and which systematically changed the perceptions by the subjects where the subjects stated the crisps were crispier and fresher compared to when there was no aural cue (Spence,2015). Temperature also is a factor that determines one's perception of taste. For example, warming ice cream increases the perceived flavour. Sensitivity to temperature is regulated by the taste buds' molecular processes that are responsible for the different tastes (Amerine, Pangborn, & Roessler, 2013).   Increasing food temperature to 15-35 degrees Celsius enhances one's sweetness neural response. In approximately half of the population, cooling or heating the tongue causes taste sensations in that, cooling the tongue increases the salty or sour tasting sensations while increasing the temperature increases the taste sensation of sweetness.   Smell when compared against taste, is more complex as human receptors for taste are fewer than receptors for smell. The five taste receptors are umami, bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. There are various ways of mixing both smell and taste leading to a broad array of flavours that a person perceives and which bear little subjective resemblance to the aforementioned tastes. There is a neurological link between taste and smell that is unique to the two senses. When one sees and hears something simultaneously, two different neurological pathways are used while this is not the case with tasting and smelling. For example, when one pops a jellybean in the mouth while holding the nose tight, one can still sense the jelly beans' sweetness but will not perceive the flavour. Once a person releases the nose, the flavour becomes identifiable. The flavour thus comes from the nose even when one tastes the sweetness of the beans (Society for Neuroscience, 2015). There is a distinction between smelling via the nose and via the back of the throat, while there is a neurological distinction in the tasting. Arrival of the retronasal and orthonasal odours is via the same route however, when they arrive simultaneously as taste, integration of taste and odour occurs which creates the perception of flavour. Flavour is only perceived through the simultaneous arrival of odour and taste to the anterior insula. Hence, it is concluded that the overlapping of the distinct smell and taste pathways occurs in the anterior insula. When molecules bind in the tongue receptors, then the sense of taste can be perceived which proceeds to send signals to various parts of the brain to eventually meet at the anterior insula (Yin, Hewson, Linforth et al., 2017). Further, a person is able to differentiate the experience with food through touching the food. This is more so, with regard to true fats (an example is the creamy taste of ice-cream and butter). There are specific neurons in the brain's orbitofrontal cortex that respond to fats texture in the mouth such as fat rich foods including chocolate and ice cream as well as similarly oily non food substances such as silicone oil and mineral oil. In addition, the taste of soda is influenced greatly by feel where a flat soda tastes different from a carbonated one (Drewnoski & Almiron, 2010).  Ã‚   The proportion of elderly is escalating fast in the world. It is estimated that by 2025, there wil be 1.12 billion people aged 60 and above with most having some level of sensory loss including smell and taste perception (Coreira, Lopez, &Wroblewsski et al., 2016). Laboratory and clinical studies have shown a decline in smell and taste functioning among persons aged 60 years and above which increases in severity in those aged 70 years and above. Dysfunction of smell and taste is caused by ageing and some specific disease conditions such as Alzheimer's and cancer, surgical and pharmacological intervention, environmental and radiation exposure. The chemosensory deficits may result in alteration in food choices and consumption and subsequently worsen any existing medical conditions, compromise immunity and nutritional status, change food choices and result in decrease in weight (Doty & Kamath, 2014).   As has been discussed earlier, vision, smell, and taste are involved in food enjoyment. When these senses are impaired due to ageing, they result in a reduction in appetite among the elderly. Appetite is stimulated by the smell of food while the taste of food promotes its enjoyment and stimulates the appetite further even after eating. Most elderly people have taste and smell senses that are impaired and which hinders their appetite to a great extent (Nieuwenhuizen et al., 2010). Having a good vision helps in stimulating one's appetite (Spence, Okajima, & Cheok et al., 2015). As one ages, the vision reduces with 1 in 5 persons aged 75 years and above and 1 in every 2 persons aged 90 years and above having loss of vision (RNIB, 2014). The body composition of an individual is what determines his/her energy requirements and more so, the fat free mass (the component s of the body that are exclusive of fat for example organs, bones, and muscles), and their physical activity levels.   As people age, they lose the fat free mass with a 1% rate of skeletal muscle loss among those aged 70 years and above. With most being physically inactive. Therefore the energy requirements among the elderly are low which is a contributory factor to appetite loss. This varies among individuals, which is reflective of the body composition differences as well as physical activity differences (Milanovi?, Panteli?, & Trajkovi? et al., 2013). As people become older, the sense of smell deteriorates with declining olfactory functioning (Doty & Kamath, 2014;Smoliner, Fischedick, &Sieber et al., 2013).  In addition to losing the sense of smell, people lose the ability to differentiate smells with more than 75% of persons aged 80 and above experiencing acute olfactory impairment with increased continuous decline after 70 years (Doty et al., 2014). Of persons aged between 80-97 years, 62.5% had olfactory impairment(Schubert, Cruickshanks, &Klein et al., 2011). However, taste impairment is more common than olfactory impairment (Malaty & Malty, 2013) Gustatory dysfunction is also linked to ageing, however, most often, what is thought to be taste impairment is in fact an olfactory impairment. Besides smell impairment, taste impairment is caused by prior infection of upper respiratory area, drug use, head injury, as well as idiopathic causes (Fomazieri, Borges, & Bezerra, et al., 2014; Bromley & Doty, 2014; Roper, 2013).  Problems with chewing caused by loss of teeth and dentures can interfere with sense of taste along with decreased production of saliva. Decreased senses of tastes and smell causes suppression of appetite which results in loss of weight, impaired immunity, malnutrition, and medical conditions deteriorations (Phillips, Caroll, & Drayson et al., 2015; Jacobson, Green, & Murphy,2010).  Problems with nutrition form a significant sequeale from disorders of taste and smell.  Elderly persons need two-three times more salt concentration in tomato soup before they are able to detect it (Ahmed & Haboubi, 2010).  The tendency for the elderly to take in higher concentrations of sugar and salt can exacerbate already hazardous medical conditions they may be experiencing. A decrease or distortion in the sense of smell results in a decrease in life quality or even disability(Smeets, Veldhuizen, & Galle, 2009). Further, such medical conditions can result in a high level of depression and anxiety in the person. Anxiety resulting from inability to enjoy the taste of food and fear that the taste impairment could be as a result of a n unknown condition. In addition, there is also heightened depression among persons with anosmia (Hummel, T., Landis, B. N., & Hà ¼ttenbrink,, 2011).   Classification of chemosensory dysfunction is as follows: ageusia (loss in sense of taste), hypogeusia (decrease in taste sensitivity), dysgeusia (normal taste distortion), anosmia (loss in of the sense of smell), hyposmia (decrease in smell sensitivity) and dysomia (normal smell distortion). Persons with hypogeusia often need tastants in higher concentrations in order to detect the same; their threshold for detecting and recognizing tastants is elevated above the normal controls. These group of persons also have less intense suprathreshold concentrations. Persons with dysgeusi experience taste distortion such as metallic/bitter taste sides that are not often linked to the foods they are consuming. Analogous impairments in perceptions of smell are often reported in persons with dysosmia and hyposmia. The chemosensory deficits that the elderly experience are irreversible. However, there are several sensory interventions that can be applied such as odour and taste intensification to compensate for perceptual loss that is age related. One such method is addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in food during and after its preparation to enhance its taste and smell as well as enhance its palatability. When a person presents with taste and smell disorders, they will first need reassurance and counselling that they are not suffering from an infection or malignant disease. Once diagnosis of diminished smell is done, the management goal will entail injury prevention that is related to the condition. Gas detection visual stimulating devices are ideal for a person that use gas stoves as such a person will be incapable of smelling a gas leak. Neighbours and relatives will need to be involved in assisting such a person as he/she may be unable to detect spoiled food which can cause food poisoning if consumed. MSG is the glutamic acid sodium salt that poses the unique umami taste quality. The term umami is Japanese with no English translation , and is used for describing the MSG taste as well as the taste of certain broths and fish. The umami taste is similar to the protein taste. Different tests have shown that umami does not fall in any of the categories of bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. MSG is used in making commercial mixtures that contain specific 5†²-ribonucleotides such as IMP (inosine-5†²-monophosphate) and GMP (guanosine-5†²-monophosphate). MSG together with these compounds have synergistic and potent effects, including a significant decrease in the threshold levels of MSG. A person with a taste disorder will need flavoring enhancements added to his/her food. Flavors are a combination of odorant molecules which are blended or extracted from natural product or can be synthesized from natural products through   mass spectrographic and chromatographic analysis. Flavor enhancers modify or enhance the food's original aroma or taste but lack their individual aroma or taste. For example, simulated beef flavour can be used as an addition to beef or beef soup to increase the beef sensation. There is a difference in flavour enhancement from the more common taste and odour sensation enhancers such as salt, herbs, and spices. Herbs and spices add diverse flavours as opposed to intensifying the food's existing chemosensory properties. Flavours are not spices hence they do not cause any stomach or mouth irritations. The main component in flavour enhancements is salt but also, MSG is used often. Flavour enhancement added in food for the sick and elderly can improve the palatability of food and also its acceptance, slow or reverse decline in functionality, increase counts of lymphocytes, and improve the overall quality of life. It also potentially makes up for anorexia (Islam, Fagundo, & Arcelus, 2015).One study revealed that enhancement of flavour for the elderly living in a retirement home resulted in an enhanced immune status as witnessed in levels of B and T cell counts and also an improved strength in grip (Islam et al., 2015). In addition, odour and taste stimulation among the elderly has been shown to improve with an increased salivary IgA rate (Philips et al., 2015) Several factors contribute to impaired appetite among the elderly and these are often linked to the psychological and physical alterations that come with ageing. Poor appetite is significant as it increases the likelihood of a person becoming nutritionally deficient and even losing weight. Weight loss is particularly difficult to regain in elderly patients and along with nutritional deficiency, they are both associated with mortality and poor health outcomes. The nurse is in a position to quickly identify patients that have impaired appetite and can commence on interventions to help the elderly patients to enhance their appetite and increase food intake by utilizing different strategies as discussed in this paper. These strategies include flavoring food with sauces, spices, and herbs, improving the ambience of food, ensuring the patient has company while eating, serving meals that the patient has shown preference for and during regular times when the patient eats. Amplification of fo od taste and flavor using MSG can improve the palatability of the food and its acceptance as well. It can also increase the immunity and salivary flow in a patient as well as minimize oral complaints among the elderly and the sick. Flavor molecules compensate for losses in chemosensory abilities by interacting with receptors in the mouth. MSG adds taste without enhancing other tastes.   It may also be helpful to increase the patient's physical activity. Finally, the use of oral nutritional supplements may be necessitated in supporting elderly patients with acute illness and who have very low appetite. Ahmed, T., & Haboubi, N. (2010). Assessment and management of nutrition in older people and its importance to health.  Clinical Interventions in Aging,  5, 207–216. Amerine, M. A., Pangborn, R. M., & Roessler, E. B. (2013).  Principles of sensory evaluation of food. Elsevier. Bakalar, N. (2012). Sensory science: partners in flavour.  Nature,  486(7403), S4-S5. Bromley, S.M. & Doty, R.L.   (2014)Clinical disorders affecting taste: an update.   Chapter 39 in R.L. Doty (Ed),  Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation  (3rd Edition).   New York: Wiley-Liss, 2014, in press. Correia, C., Lopez, K. J., Wroblewski, K. E., Huisingh?Scheetz, M., Kern, D. W., Chen, R. C., ... & Pinto, J. M. (2016). Global sensory impairment in older adults in the United States.  Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,  64(2), 306-313. Croy, I., Nordin, S., & Hummel, T. (2014). Olfactory disorders and quality of life—an updated review.  Chemical senses,  39(3), 185-194. Doty, R. L., & Kamath, V. (2014). The influences of age on olfaction: a review.  Applied Olfactory Cognition,  5, 213-232. Drewnowski A, Almiron-Roig E.(2010) Human Perceptions and Preferences for Fat-Rich Foods. In: Montmayeur JP, le Coutre J, editors. Fat Detection: Taste, Texture, and Post Ingestive Effects. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2010. Chapter 11.  Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53528/ Fornazieri, M. A., Borges, B. B. P., Bezerra, T. F. P., de Rezende Pinna, F., & Voegels, R. L. (2014). Main causes and diagnostic evaluation in patients with primary complaint of olfactory disturbances.  Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology,  80(3), 202-207. Hummel, T., Landis, B. N., & Hà ¼ttenbrink, K.-B. (2011). Smell and taste disorders.  GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery,  10, Doc04. https://doi.org/10.3205/cto000077 Islam, M. A., Fagundo, A. B., Arcelus, J., Agà ¼era, Z., Jimà ©nez-Murcia, S., Fernà ¡ndez-Real, J. M., †¦ Fernandez-Aranda, F. (2015). Olfaction in eating disorders and abnormal eating behavior: a systematic review.  Frontiers in Psychology,  6, 1431. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01431 Jacobson, A., Green, E., & Murphy, C. (2010). Age-Related Functional Changes in Gustatory and Reward Processing Regions: An fMRI Study.  NeuroImage,  53(2), 602–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.012 Malaty, J., & Malaty, I. A. (2013). Smell and taste disorders in primary care.  Am Fam Physician,  88(12), 852-859. Milanovi?, Z., Panteli?, S., Trajkovi?, N., SporiÃ… ¡, G., Kosti?, R., & James, N. (2013). Age-related decrease in physical activity and functional fitness among elderly men and women.  Clinical Interventions in Aging,  8, 549–556. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S44112 Nieuwenhuizen W, Weenen H, Rigby P, et al. (2010). Older adults and patients in need of nutritional support: review of current treatment options and factors influencing nutritional intake.  Clinical Nutrition.29:160–169. Phillips, A. C., Carroll, D., Drayson, M. T., & Der, G. (2015). Salivary immunoglobulin a secretion rate is negatively associated with cancer mortality: The West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study.  PloS one,  10(12), e0145083. Pilgrim, A., Robinson, S., Sayer, A. A., & Roberts, H. (2015). An overview of appetite decline in older people.  Nursing Older People,  27(5), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.7748/nop.27.5.29.e697 RNIB (2014). Key Information and Statistics.  (Retrieved on 7th May, 2017). Available:https://www.rnib.org.uk/knowledge-and-research-hub/key-information-and-statistics. Roper, S. D. (2013). Taste buds as peripheral chemosensory processors.  Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology,  24(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.12.002 Schubert, C. R., Cruickshanks, K. J., Klein, B. E., Klein, R., & Nondahl, D. M. (2011). Olfactory impairment in older adults: 5-year incidence and risk factors.  The Laryngoscope,  121(4), 873–878. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.2146 Smeets, M. A., Veldhuizen, M. G., Galle, S., Gouweloos, J., de Haan, A. M. J., Vernooij, J., ... & Kroeze, J. H. (2009). Sense of smell disorder and health-related quality of life.  Rehabilitation Psychology,  54(4), 404. Smoliner, C., Fischedick, A., Sieber, C. C., & Wirth, R. (2013). Olfactory function and malnutrition in geriatric patients.  The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences,  68(12), 1582-1588. Society for Neuroscience (2015). Making sense of scents: smell and the brain. (Retrieved on 7th May, 2017). https://www.brainfacts.org/sensing-thinking-behaving/senses-and-perception/articles/2015/making-sense-of-scents-smell-and-the-brain/ Spence, C. (2015). Eating with our ears: assessing the importance of the sounds of consumption on our perception and enjoyment of multisensory flavour experiences.  Flavour,  4(1), 3. Spence, C., Okajima, K., Cheok, A. D., Petit, O., & Michel, C. (2015). Eating with our eyes: From visual hunger to digital satiation.  Brain Cogn. Stevenson, R. J. (2012). The role of attention in flavour perception.  Flavour,  1(1), 2. Toepel, U., Ohla, K., Hudry, J., le Coutre, J., & Murray, M. M. (2014). Verbal labels selectively bias brain responses to high-energy foods.  NeuroImage,  87, 154-163. Yin, W., Hewson, L., Linforth, R., Taylor, M., & Fisk, I. D. (2017). Effects of aroma and taste, independently or in combination, on appetite sensation and subsequent food intake.  Appetite.

Sales management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Describing ways of identifying and meeting development needs Essay Example for Free

Describing ways of identifying and meeting development needs Essay Self assessment is an attribute that allows an employee to take ownership of a particular area of their personal, academic or work based life. Self assessment means an employee will have to review their actions, skills, strengths, weaknesses, key activities etc. and be able to provide themselves with a summary evaluation. This can then be used as part of an appraisal to give the employee their own opportunity to identify their strengths and weaknesses. This will then be incorporated into the formal appraisal process. Self assessment should also be used by an employee to determine different faults in others. This will allow different employees to interact as it will help each other to improve if they discuss each others faults and how they could improve. It is up to an employee to choose what they wish to reveal about themselves. 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An example of this may be a hotel chain, asking customers to complete a questionnaire about the levels of how satisfied they were with the service they received. This can reflect well or badly on certain groups within the business e. g. bar/restaurant staff, house keeping staff, receptionist staff etc. Other examples such as a help desk may invite users to compliment on the guidance they were given. This is a very important way of a business helping staff members to improve their personalities, skills etc. Performance Data Some organisations can collect information about a certain employee over a period of time and review this performance information with the employee. Performance such as how quick an employee performs their work or how many items they sold etc. An example of this could be a checkout worker in a supermarket. The rate of performance could be recorded by how many items they scan, how many customers they serve during their shift, what profit they made etc. These measures however when taken in isolation might not always be accurate or fair as; one customer may buy a lot of cheap items but in a large proportion of products. This would therefore result in a slower scanning process. If a product has been known as being damaged this would also slow the process of a transaction as an employee would have to leave their workstation to retrieve the same undamaged product. For this type of method to improve skills it has to be recorded in large sample. This is so the sample can be classified as the entire population. This means over a long period of time one checkout employee can be compared against another. 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By obtaining one of these qualifications will improve an employees level of expertise. This will help an employee become more advanced within their career enabling them to work better within their qualified job.

The Code of Chivalry Essay -- The Lay of the Nibelungs

The epic poem, â€Å"The Lay of the Nibelungs† (1200’s), set to practice the major pillars in the code of chivalry that the Duke of Burgundy in the 14th century eventually condensed and ascribed to the Burgundian Knights: Faith, Charity, Justice, Sagacity, Prudence, Temperance, Resolution, Truth, Liberality, Diligence, Hope, and Valor. Though values bear merit, â€Å"The Lay of the Nibelungs† teaches that true worth and longevity comes from assessing the situation and applying intellect to the code, from submitting to God, and from not cheating the system (the laws and cultural norms of the time that be). A man only bears value based upon his actions or the potential for him to act in a certain manner. However, if an action contradicts that man’s beliefs, then no longer can he be said to possess such ideals. Sivrit embodies the code both through his actions and his beliefs, yet he is still human and thus has shortcomings. Sivrit faulted initially when he came to Burgundy and was clear as to his intentions stating to King Gunther upon his arrival: â€Å"In my father’s land I was told that alongside you here are the boldest warriors that a king ever gained— I’d gladly learn if this is true! I’ve heard a great deal about this. That is why I have come here.† (Anonymous, 14) At this lie or at the very least his hiding the truth of his interest in Kriemhild from Gunther, Sivrit broke an important declaration of the code, which states to all times speak the truth. However, from then onward Sivrit is the noble vassal, who serves his king, and who fig hts for the welfare of all those around him. â€Å"Let that be of little concern to you and rest easy. Do as I ask: let me win honor and gain for you, and ask your knights to come to you aid also. [†¦] I wou... ... Therefore, Hagen reason for killing Sivrit similar to the very modern United States currency can be viewed to have no meaning, they are both merely there as place holders, ideas never fully developed, bubble gum on the bottom of your shoe. And that notion that there might not be any meaning to the text is a troubling scenario for a literary analyst. One reason could be that the book is too short, not lengthwise for it is as long as any short novella at present, but developmentally. The characters come and go, are introduced and killed off, begin to play a crucial role and then disappear. And as for Hagen, who though he stuck around till the very end, at times acted against the Jungian archetype he was written to depict – that of a loyal warrior vassal loyal and submissive— which is problematic only because the author never gave reasons to support Hagen’s actions.

Colonial Rule in Africa Essay

â€Å"Enlarge the place of your tent, stretch your tent curtains wide, do not hold back; lengthen your cords, strengthen your stakes.New Living Translation ( ©2007) â€Å"Enlarge your house; build an addition. Spread out your home, and spare no expense!English Standard Version ( ©2001) â€Å"Enlarge the place of your tent, and let the curtains of your habitations be stretched out; do not hold back; lengthen your cords and strengthen your stakes.New American Standard Bible ( ©1995) â€Å"Enlarge the place of your tent; Stretch out the curtains of your dwellings, spare not; Lengthen your cords And strengthen your pegs.King James Bible (Cambridge Ed.) Enlarge the place of thy tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of thine habitations: spare not, lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes;GOD’S WORD ® Translation ( ©1995) Expand the space of your tent. Stretch out the curtains of your tent, and don’t hold back. Lengthen your tent ropes, and drive in the tent pegs.King James 2000 Bible ( ©2003) Enlarge the place of your tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of your habitations: spare not, lengthen your cords, and strengthen your stakes;American King James Version Enlarge the place of your tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of your habitations: spare not, lengthen your cords, and strengthen your stakes;American Standard Version Enlarge the place of thy tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of thy habitations; spare not: lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes.Douay-Rheims Bible Enlarge the place of thy tent, and stretch out the skins of thy tabernacles, spare not: lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes. Darby Bible Translation Enlarge the place of thy tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of thy habitations: spare not, lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes.English Revised Version Enlarge the place of thy tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of thine habitations; spare not: lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes.Webster’s Bible Translation Enlarge the place of thy tent, and let them extend the curtains of thy habitations: spare not, lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes;World English Bible â€Å"Enlarge the place of your tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of your habitations; don’t spare: lengthen your cords, and strengthen your stakes.Young’s Literal Translation Enlarge the place of thy tent, And the curtains of thy tabernacles they stretch out, Restrain not — lengthen thy cords, And thy pins make strong.| | Barnes’ Notes on the BibleEnlarge the place of thy tent – The same idea occurs in Isaiah 49:19-20 (see the notes at that chapter). The curtains of thy habitations. The word ‘curtain’ does not quite express the sense here. It is commonly with us used to denote the cloth hanging round. a bed or at a window, which may be spread or drawn aside at pleasure, or the hanging in theaters to conceal the stage from the spectators. The word here, however, denotes the canopy or cloth used in a tent; and the idea is, that the boundaries of the church were to be greatly enlarged, in order to accommodate the vast accession from the pagan world.Spare not – Do not be parsimonious in the provision of the materials for greatly enlarging the tent to dwell in.Lengthen thy cords – (See the note at Isaiah 33:20). Gill’s Exposition of the Entire BibleEnlarge the place of thy tent,†¦. To which the church is compared, because of its uncertain and movable condition, being sometimes in one place, and sometimes in another; and because of its outward meanness and weakness, as well as its small extent; but now it is signified that it should be enlarged, and room be made for an accession of in habitants to it; or, in other words, that the Gospel church state should not be confined to Jerusalem, but should take place in other parts of Judea, and in Galilee, and in Samaria; hence we read of churches in those places, Acts 9:31, and let them stretch forth the curtains of thine habitation; alluding to the curtains of which tents or tabernacles were made, which used to be stretched out on poles or stakes, in order to make more room, and hold more people. This may respect the spreading of the Gospel by the apostles, who may be here meant, and the success of it, especially among the Gentiles; who may be said to stretch out the curtains of the tent, the church, when, according to their commission, they went and preached the Gospel to every creature. First they travelled as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch, preaching to the Jews only; but when they wholly rejected the Gospel, they turned to the Gentiles, and went everywhere preaching the word, Acts 11:19, and their ministry was blessed to the conversion of multitudes, and Gospel churches were set up in all parts of the world. The Apostle Paul was an eminent instrument of stretching these curtains, who went from Jerusalem, round about to Illyricum, fully preaching the Gospel of Christ, Romans 15:19, spare not: any cost or pains, to spread the Gospel, enlarge the interest of Christ, and increase his church and people; as did not the apostles of Christ, who may be supposed to be the persons here addressed: lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes; the curtains being stretched out, it was necessary the cords, to which they were fastened, should be lengthened, that they might reach further, and take in a greater compass; and the wider the tent is made by such means, the stro nger should be the staves, and the more surely should they be drove and fixed in the earth, to hold the cords with the curtains bound unto them; all which express the enlargement of the church in the Gentile world, by means of the Gospel ministry and discipline. The Targum is, â€Å"multiply the people of thy camp, and strengthen the governors.† Keil and Delitzsch Biblical Commentary on the Old TestamentWith this prospect before her, even her dwelling-place would need enlarging. â€Å"Enlarge the space of thy tent, and let them stretch out the curtains of thy habitations; forbid not! lengthen thy cords, and fasten thy plugs.† She is to widen out the space inside her tent, and they (יטÖ ¼Ã—•Ö ¼ has no definite subject, which is often the case where some subordinate servant is to be thought of) are to spread out far and wide the coverings of the framework of her dwelling, which is called mishkenoÌ„th (in the plural) on account of its roominess and magnificence: she is not to forbid it, thinking in her weakness of faith, â€Å"It is good enough as it is; it would be too large.† The cords which hold up the walls, she is to lengthen; and the plugs, to which the cords are fastened, she is to ram fast into the ear th: the former because the tent (i.e., the holy city, Jeremiah 31:38-40, and the dwelling-place of the church generally, Isaiah 26:15) has to receive a large number of inhabitants; the latter because it will not be broken up so soon again (Isaiah 33:20). Geneva Study Bible{c} Enlarge the place of thy tent, and let them extend the curtains of thy habitations: spare not, lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes;(c) Signifying that for the great number of children that God would give her, she would seem to lack room to lodge them.Wesley’s Notes54:2 Enlarge – That it may be capable of the Gentiles, who shall flock to thee in great numbers. Strengthen – That they may be able to support that great weight which the tents thus enlarged, shall be upon them.Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary2. (Isa 49:19, 20; Jer 31:31-36, 38, 39). Thy children shall be so many that thy borders must be extended to contain them.curtains-the cloth forming the covering of the tent.spare not-give abundantly the means for the enlargement of the Church (2Co 9:5-7).cords . stakes-The more the tent is enlarged by lengthening the cords by which the cloth covering is fastened to the ground, the more the stakes supporting the tent need to b e strengthened; the Church is not merely to seek new converts, but to strengthen those she has in the faith. The image is appropriate, as the tabernacle was the symbol of the old Israelitish Church (see on [855]Isa 33:20).Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary54:1-5 Observe the low state of religion in the world, for a long time before Christianity was brought in. But by preaching the gospel, multitudes were converted from idols to the living God. This is matter of great rejoicing to the church. The bounds of the church were extended. Though its state on earth is but mean and movable, like a tent or tabernacle, it is sometimes a growing state, and must be enlarged as the family increases. But the more numerous the church grows, the more she must fortify herself against errors and corruptions. Thy Maker is thy Husband. Christ is the Holy One of Israel, the Mediator of the covenant made with the Old Testament church. Long he had been called the God of Israel; but now he shall be called the God of the whole earth. And he will cleanse from sin, and cause every true believer to rejoice in thi s sacred union. We never can enough admire this mercy, or duly value this privilege. | | Genesis 26:22 He moved on from there and dug another well, and no one quarreled over it. He named it Rehoboth, saying, â€Å"Now the LORD has given us room and we will flourish in the land.†Exodus 35:18 the tent pegs for the tabernacle and for the courtyard, and their ropes;Exodus 39:40 the curtains of the courtyard with its posts and bases, and the curtain for the entrance to the courtyard; the ropes and tent pegs for the courtyard; all the furnishings for the tabernacle, the Tent of Meeting;Isaiah 26:15 You have enlarged the nation, O LORD; you have enlarged the nation. You have gained glory for yourself; you have extended all the borders of the land.Isaiah 33:20 Look upon Zion, the city of our festivals; your eyes will see Jerusalem, a peaceful abode, a tent that will not be moved; its stakes will never be pulled up, nor any of its ropes broken.Isaiah 49:19 â€Å"Though you were ruined and made desolate and your land laid waste, now you will be too small for your people, and those who devoured you will be far away.Isaiah 49:20 The children born during your bereavement will yet say in your hearing, ‘This place is too small for us; give us more space to live in.’New International Version  ©1984 by Biblica| Cords Curtains Dwellings Enlarge Extend Forth Habitations Hold Lengthen Limit Pegs Pins Restrain Spare Stakes Strengthen Stretch Stretched Strong Tabernacles Tent Tent-pins Wide Cords Curtains Dwellings Enlarge Extend Forth Habitations Hold House Lengthen Pegs Pins Restrain Spare Stakes Strengthen Stretch Stretched Tabernacles Tent Wide Cords Curtains Dwellings Enlarge Extend Forth Habitations Hold House Lengthen Pegs Pins Restrain Spare Stakes Strengthen Stretch Stretched Tabernacles Tent Wide Enlarge the place of thy tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of thine habitations: spare not, lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes;Isa 33:20 49:19,20 Jer 10:20 Isaiah Chapter 54 Verse 2Alphabetical: And back cords curtains do dwellings Enlarge hold lengthen not of out pegs place spare stakes strengthen stretch tent the wide yourTHE HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION ®, NIV ® Copyright ; © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica ®. Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.The Holy Bible, New Living Translation, copyright  ©1996, 2004, 2007. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Carol Stream, Illinois 60188.All Rights Reserved.The ESV ® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version ®) copyright  © 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers.New American Standard Bible Copyright  © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation, La Habra, Calif. All rights reserved. For Permission to Quote Information visit http://www.lockman.org.International Standard Version Copyright  © 1996-2008 by the ISV Foundation.GOD’S WORD ® is a copyrighted work of God’s Word to the Nations. Quotations are used by permission. Copyright 1995 by God’s Word to the Nations. All rights reserved.OT Prophets: Isaiah 54:2 Enlarge the place of your tent (Isa Isi Is) Christian Bible Study Resources, Dictionary, Concordance and Search ToolsIsaiah 54:2 Bible Software Isaiah 54:2 Biblia Paralela

Ifrs Impairment of Assets

Intangibles and Impairment of Assets Learn | Consult | Research Intangibles †¢ Identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance †¢ IAS 38 prescribes special criteria for an asset to be recognized as intangible asset †¢ Tangible or intangible must meet the criteria of asset to be recognized – Controlled by entity as a result of past event – Probable future economic inflow (revenue or cost saving) Recognition †¢ Must meet the definition of asset †¢ Must meet criteria set by IAS 38 – Cost of asset reliably measured – Probable economic inflow Recognized at cost!! Recognition – Internally generated The standard states that expenditure on internally generated brands, mastheads, publishing titles, customer lists and items similar in substance are not recognized as intangible assets (because they cannot be distinguished from the cost of developing the business as a whole). †¢ Similarly, start-up, training, advertising , promotional, relocation and reorganisation costs are all recognised as expenses. Purchased Intangibles †¢ If value of an intangible can not be valued reliably, while purchasing a company, include the value as a part of goodwill A special note on goodwill †¢ Inherent goodwill Vs Purchased goodwill How is it different? – Balancing figure – Cant be sold as a separate asset Research and Development †¢ Research – Initial investigation done to acquire new scientific knowledge or understanding †¢ Development – Application of research findings to design a new product or improve an existing system of product before production R&D treatment †¢ Write-off Research expenses †¢ Development expenses – Capitalize if following conditions met – Technical feasibility – Intention and ability to make, use or sell – Economic feasibility – market for the product/usefulness – Expenditures attributable to d evelopment reliably measured Initial recognition Eg. development expenditure The PIRATE criteria – Recognition Subsequent recognition †¢ Cost model or Revaluation model Revaluation Model †¢ If the revaluation model is followed, the revaluation must be fair value at date of revaluation by reference to an active market. – An active market is a market where all of the following conditions exist: †¢ The items traded are homogenous, †¢ Willing buyers and sellers can normally be found at any time †¢ Prices are available to the public. Amortization and impairment †¢ If useful life is fixed amortize Straight line with zero residual value – Start amortization once asset is ready to use †¢ If useful life is not fixed, test for impairment – Atleast annually (IAS 36) Impairment of Assets †¢ The focus of IAS 36 †¢ Impairment occurs when the carrying value (NBV) exceeds the recoverable amount The Recoverable Amount †¢ The cost or spending on an asse t can be recovered in two ways 1. By selling it 2. By using it †¢ So the recoverable amount is either the value we get from selling an asset (the fair value) or the value we get by using the asset (value in use) Recoverable Amount The FV less cost to sell †¢ FV is determined by; A binding agreement to sell – Current market prices (if active market exists) †¢ Less any selling expenses Value in use †¢ Estimate the future cash flows (inflows and outflows) resulting from the use of the asset and ultimately its disposal †¢ Apply suitable discount rate to come with a PV of future cash flows. †¢ Financing cost and taxes not included Impairment Review †¢ Calculate the carrying value †¢ Calculate the recoverable amount as higher of: – Fair Value less cost to sell – Value in use (PV of future cash flows) †¢ If CV>RV, then report impairment otherwise leave it as it is Reporting an impairment Impairment losses must be recognized i. e. the asset written down to its recoverable amount †¢ Impairment losses are generally charged to I/S †¢ If asset has been revalued, charge to revaluation reserve until exhausted, than to I/S. Page 246 Page 246 Indicators of impairment †¢ External sources – Significant decline in market value of the asset – Significant changes with an adverse effect on the entity in the technological, market, economic or legal environment in which the entity operates – Increased market interest rates or other market rates of return affecting discount rates and thus reducing value in use Indicators of impairment †¢ Internal sources – Evidence of obsolescence or physical damage. – Significant changes with an adverse effect on the entity including: †¢ the asset becoming idle †¢ plans to discontinue or restructure an operation to which the asset belongs †¢ Plans to dispose of it earlier than expected †¢ reassessing the useful life of an asset as finite rather than indefinite – Internal evidence available that asset performance will be worse than expected.

Amygdala activity essays

Amygdala activity essays Review of "Amygdala activity at correlated with long-term, free recall of emotional information" This article reviewed an experiment that tested the role of the amygdala in emotional memory. To be specific it hypothesized that if the amygdaloid complex (AC) was primarily involved with the formation of long-term memory during emotionally arousing situations, then the PET analysis would reveal AC activity related to retention of the relative emotional, but not relatively neutral, films. The experiment used eight right-handed male subjects between 20 and 24 years old. While at first it was not clearly stated why the subjects used were all the same, but women, left-handed people, and subjects of differing ages were purposely omitted in favor of right-handed males of a specific age for use as a control. These subjects were shown two videos, one with emotionally neutral film clips (N) and one with emotionally arousing film clips (E). Each video contained 12 clips. The subjects were asked to rank each film on the basis of emotionality from 0 (being the lowest) to 10 (being the highest.) The videos were also ranked on how well the subject understood each film on a scale from 0 to 10. The E and N films did not differ in their level of understandability. The films were ordered in such a way that it would maximize the chances of detecting glucose differences between E and N sessions. Since positron emission tomography was used, this was a good idea because most of the measured activity would relfect the first 15-20 minutes of tracer reuptake. Three weeks after the experiment, the subjects were asked to recall as many film clips as possible from both film sessions. As expected the E films were ranked significantly higher than the N films. The subjects could also recall more E films than N films when asked three weeks after the experiment. The scientific paper presents simple, but effect, graphs showing the discrepancies b ...

This is a position paper for an economics case Research

This is a position for an economics case - Research Paper Example This paper discusses the trend and status of prices and the standard of living in the U.S. The current situation in the economy is the weakest though the economic fundamental might show the economy is doing fine. Even when the rate of unemployment is as it lowest, and the free market uninterrupted by economic crisis there is more to be done on the prices of goods. People may be in employment, but still life in poverty because the cost of living is high. The economy of the United States has increased since the inception of the industrial revolution with the exception of instances of economic crisis in 19 30 and other financial crisis including the 2007 -2008 financial turmoil. During the recession, the economy output of the country decreases and people lose job, as a result. In case where people keep their job they do so with pay cut to ensure that the industry survives the crisis. This demonstrates the worst of the effect of prices in the economy. However, during the boom it is only a few who benefits and the rest of the people condition remain unchanged. Moreover, the government had resulted to borrowing to maintain a high standard of living. This, however, has a negative effect on prices and inflation. The country right now is dealing with the problem of debt, and it had reached the maximum amount that was set earlier by the congress. Therefore, failure to pass a debt ceiling bill that increases the level at which the government can borrow leave the government operation vulnerable and a possibility of defaulting past engagements. The challenges of unstable prices are borne by consumers because they are trapped within their wages. The United State Bureau of Census and concern from the labour sector has been raising concerns of the living standard in the next decades. The Bureau of Census has projections of the country’s economic capability to maintain a healthy

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Auditing - Essay Example 2). Inventories should always be stated at the lower cost and the market prices or the net realizable value. The net realizable value is the amount that the asset can fetch as at the reporting date, less the estimated costs required to complete the transaction. These could include selling costs and overhead costs. The values stated in the inventories of Abbey Plc. in the annual report for the year 2014 should be tested adequately to ensure that they are the correct market values of such inventories. Fixed assets are critical items, which the auditor should ascertain and ensure that values attached to them are their correct fair values to be disclosed to the shareholders (Rittenberg et al. 2011, p. 626). Disclosing the values of the fixed assets in excess of their correct fair values would make the financial statements to be overstated; thus provide shareholders with a wrong financial position of their company. Trade and other receivables should be recognized and carried at the lower cost of their original invoiced value and the recoverable amount. In case the time value of money is material, receivables should be carried at the amortized cost. The company should make provisions in situations where there is some adequate evidence that the amount would not be recovered in full. The balances should be written off when the chances of recovery are assessed as being remote (Henning et al. 2007, p. 313). Adequate audit procedures should be done to ensure that the company did not make too much or too little provision to cater for trade and other receivables, which could not be recovered. Also, before writing off bad debts, all the relevant procedures should be followed since some managers may decide to write off debts, which could not be written off with the objective of hiding the correct amount of revenue collected by the company